The increasing of the number of syllables and the chronology of anaptyxis and prosthesis in West European loan-words of Ottoman Turkish more

STUDIA TURCOLOGICA CRACOVIENSIA • 1(1995) Marek Stachowski The Increasing of the Number of Syllables and the Chronology of Anaptyxis and Prosthesis in West European Loanwords of Ottoman-Turkish 1. Preliminaries; 2.—3. Consonant-clusters; 4. Anaptyxis; 5. Prosthesis; 6. Hypercorrect Prosthesis; 7. Word-final -a and -e; 8. Vocabulary; 9. Literature; 10. Abbreviations. 1. The number of syllables in a West European loanword in Otto- man-Turkish may increase by anaptyxis, prosthesis or by the adding of a word-final -a. While the two former processes serve as a method of avoiding Indo-European consonant clusters, the third is caused by the operating of a morphological pattern created by numerous Italian loanwords. 2. Though the common opinion is that the Ott. language does not tolerate consonant clusters in word-initial and word-final positions, and admits only some types of word-medial clusters which, however, may consist of two consonants only, there are many examples in transcriptional texts of WE loanwords with preserved consonant clusters: (2.1) Consonant-clusters in word-initial position: Ott. freng (1525—30) 'French' ^ Ft. franc, It. franco; Ott. kristyan (1533) 'Christian' ^ It. cristiano; Ott. gros (1641), a coin ^ Ger. Grosch; Ott. skorcina (1730) '[bot.] comfrey' ^ It. scorzone(ra); Ott. skorpit (1790) 'scurvy' ^ It. scorbuto; Ott. tripoli (1790) 'infusorial earth' < It. tripoli; Ott. stropa (1791) 'heavy stick, club' < It. stroppa; Ott. kredito (1875) 'credit' s$ It. credito; Ott. tren (1890) 'train' s$ Fr. train; Ott. gliserin (1911) 'glycerine' ^ Fr. glycerine; Ott. stor (1916) 'net curtain' Fr. store. (2.2) Consonant-clusters in word-medial position: Ott. kristyan (1533) 'Christian' ^ It. cristiano; Ott. iskerlet (1641) 'scarlet' s$ It. scarlat{t)o; Ott. 176 mustra (1641) 'pattern, sample' ^ It. mostra; Ott. onza (1641) 'ounce' < Ven. onza; Ott. sardela (1641) '[zool.] anchovy' ^ Ven. sardela, It. sardella; Ott. londra (1680), a sort of cloth ^ It. {tela di) Londra 'tessuti finissimi di lana, che si fabbricano a Londra per 1'Oriente' (Zing. 869); Ott. misket (1680) 'muscatel' ^ Ven. moscato; Ott. ambra (1730) 'ambergris' ^ It. ambra Lat. ambar, ambaris ^ Ar. anbar]; Ott. dubla (1828), Spanish coin ^ Sp. dobla; Ott. forsmajor (1867) 'act of God' ^ Fr. force majeure; Ott. kontrol (1911) 'control' ^ Fr. contrdle; Ott. lista (1912) 'list, register' ^ It. lista; Ott. pardesii (1916) 'overcoat' ^ Fr. pardessus. (2.3) Consonant-clusters in word-final position: Ott. post (1829) 'post, duty' sc Fr. poste; Ott. bilard (1868) 'billiards' < Fr. billard; Ott. mars (1868) 'step [staircase]' ^ Fr. marche; Ott. pens (1875) ^ Eng. pence; Ott. prens (1875) 'prince' ^ Fr. prince; Ott. pone (1912) ^ Eng. punch; Ott. rilmatizm (1916) 'rheumatism' Fr. rhumatisme. 3. Only three WE words with word-medial clusters consisting originally of three consonants could be found: (3.1) Ott. losman (1886) ^ Eng. loadsman; Ott. omrela (1894) 'umbrella' ^ It. ombrella; Ott. seksant (1911) 'sextant' ^ Fr. sextant. But cf. mustra, londra, ambra, forsmajor and kontrol in (2.2). In all the three examples, the number of the consonants was reduced from three to two but the clusters themselves remained. Interestingly enough, there seems to be no connection between the position in the cluster and the fact of being dropped: (3.2) -C,C2C3- ^ -C2C3- (in losman) (3.3) -C1C2C3- ^ -C,C3- (in omrela) (3.4) -C,C2C3- ^ -C,C2- (in seksant) Here, the dropped consonant was always an oral stop but it is not possible to say on the basis of three examples only if this actually is a rule. It is just as difficult to explain why the dropped consonant in Fr. sextant [-kst-] ^ Ott. seksant was t, not k, which is an oral stop, too. 4. Consonant clusters in the word-initial position may be broken up by anaptyxis [CC(V> > CVC(V)-] or prosthesis [CC(V)- ^ VCC(V)-]. In the light of our materials, the anaptyxis as a method for avoiding consonant clusters in the first syllable seems to be an older method which operated already as early as in the fifteenth century, while the prosthesis started to be effective only two hundred years later. The oldest examples for anaptyxis we could find are: Ott. fireng (1489) 'Christian' and Ott. filuri (1489) 'florin, golden coin', cf. § 5. The vowels used in the anaptyxis in different syllables are the following:/*, i, ---> u. ii (from the 15th century on) a (19th century) / ^ o (17th—19th century) e (19th—20th century) / 177 Of these, u and u occur in words with labial vowels only, while i and / can be found in words with labial or illabial vowels (as in Ott. fulispid [(1886) ^ Eng. full speed!], not *fuluspid), but cf. Ott. filuri 'florin' and fuluri id. The anaptyxis by o can only occur if there is another o in the etymon, as in Ott. kontorato (1867) 'contract' It. contralto; Ott. borancine (1881) 'metal ring, hoop' < *boroncina ^ Ven. bronzina. But we can find i, i or u in such words as well, e.g. Ott. filuri (1489) 'florin' ^ florl (1533). »t:c Vocabulary; Ott. mostura (1912) 'pattern, sample' ^ It. mostra. The position in the word has no influence on which vowel is chosen for the anaptyxis. In the materials we could find there are only two examples with u — each in a non-first syllable, but there are of course many examples of the u anaptyxis in Modern Turkish, so that it would be very risky to exclude this possibility for Ott. Turkish. Examples: (4.1) The anaptyxis with i/i: Ott. fireng (1489) 'Christian' Fr. franc, It. franco; Ott. filurin (1867) 'florin, golden coin' ^ Fr. florin; Ott. sekistant (1880) 'sextant' s$ Fr. sextant; Ott. tiren (1881) 'train' ^ Fr. train; Ott. diragon (1886) 'dragoon' ^ Fr. dragon; Ott. fulispid (1886) ^ Eng. full speed; Ott. mann (1911) '[geol.] marl' < Fr. marne; Ott. tirtir (1911) 'tartar' ^ *tartir ^ Fr. tartre. (4.2) The anaptyxis with u / u: Ott. curum (1912) 'shoal, school [fish]' ^ It. ciurma; Ott. mostura (1912) 'pattern, sample' ^ It. mostra. (4.3) The anaptyxis with o: Ott. goros (1680), a coin ^ Ger. Grosch; Ott. kontorato (1867) 'contract' ^ It. contralto; Ott. boros (1881) 'brooch' ^ Fr. broche. (4.4) The anaptyxis with a: Ott. salamastra (1881) 'rope, cable' ^ It. salmastra. (4.5) The anaptyxis with e: Ott. terampa (1863) 'exchange, barter' ^ trampa (1863) < It. tramuta; Ott. cindere (1881) '1. cylinder press; 2. narrow pass, defile; 3. [fig.] pressure, stress' ^ It. cilindro; Ott. cirevet (1912) 'flag, pennant' < *cirvet ^ It. giruetto; Ott. perens (1912) 'prince' ^ prens (1875) s$ Fr. prince; Ott. teren (1912) 'train' ^ Fr. train. If a word is attested in two phonetic variants (with and without anaptyxis), the form without anaptyxis is in the majority of cases older than that with anaptyxis, e.g. (4.6) Ott. prens (1875) 'prince' = perens (1912) id.; Ott. porslan (1881) 'porcelain insulator' = porsdan (1911) id.; Ott. plaka (1911) 'plate, plaque, sheet' = pilaka (1912) id., but cf. also: (4.7) Ott filuri (1489) 'florin' = fori (1533) id. 5. The oldest occurrence with prosthesis is Ott. iskerlet (1641) 'scarlet', cf. § 4. The following vowels can be used prosthetically: i/i (17th—20th century) o (18th century; one example only) «/it (17th—20th century) e (19th century) 178 Examples: (5.1) The prosthesis with / /r. Ott. iskerlet (1641) 'scarlet' ~ iskarlat (1881) id. ^ It.- scarlat(t)o; Ott. iskut (1677), a coin, scudo < It. scuto; Ott. igris (1680), a country costume ^ Ven. griso; Ott. iskarpin (1911) 'dancing-shoe' s$ It. scarpino; Ott. iskola (1912) 'school' ^ Ven. scola; Ott. istor (1912) 'roller-blind, net curtain' ^ Fr. store. (5.2) The prosthesis with u: Ott. uruba (1680) 'clothes' ^ It. roba. (5.3) The prosthesis with o: Ott. oruba (1791) 'furniture' ^ It. roba. (5.4) The prosthesis with e: Ott. eryal (1863), Spanish coin < Sp. real; Ott. eskonto (1881) '1. discount; 2. theft, swindle' It. sconto; Ott. eskorbut (1894) 'scurvy' ^ It. scorbuto; Ott. estofa (1894) 'brocade' ^ It. stoffa; Ott. estufato (1894) 'broth' < It. stufato; Ott. esporta (1894) 'fruit basket, hamper' < It. sporta. The u I u prosthesis occurs in WE words with labial vowels. A somewhat surprising fact is that u can appear in both palatal and velar words (while there are no examples of u in palatal loanwords), e.g. (5.5) WE words with o: It. roba ^ Ott. uruba 'clothes'; It. stroppa $j Ott. iisturpa 'heavy stick, club' ~ usturpa id. (5.6) WE words with u: Eng. schooner > Ott. iiskuna ~ uskuna id.; Eng. screw ^ Ott. uskur 'screw ship'. 6. A rare phenomenon is the "hypercorrect prosthesis" in which the original vowel, being other than i, is replaced by i as in Ott. ispitalya (1863) 'hospital' < It. ospitale. Some It. loanwords in Ott. Turkish may be interpreted as results of normal (It. st- ^ Ott. ist-) or hypercorrect (It. est- ^ Ott. ist-) prosthesis which depends on which It. phonetic variant is accepted as the etymon, e.g. (6.1) Ott. istima (1875) 'estimate, projection' ^ It. stima ~ estima; Ott. istimator (1875) 'valuer' It. stimatore ~ estimatore; Ott. istimare (1881) 'estimate, projection' < It. stimare ~ estimare. 7. Some WE words with a consonant in the word-final position receive, when borrowed by Ott. Turkish, an additional -a (or rarely -e) which gives them a "more It. appearance", e.g. (7.1) Ott. polusa (1790) 'money order' ^ polus (1790) ^ Fr. police; Ott. ladinga 'cartridge belt, ammunition pocket' (1886) ^ Ger. Ladung; Ott. parovaria (1912) 'folding screen' ^ Fr. paravent. — For the examples of proper nouns with the additional -a [e.g. Ott. Nedirlanda (1828) ^ Dutch Nederland; Ott. Lipiska (1832) ~ Lepsika (1886) ^ Fr. Leipsick; Ott. Belcika (1863) ~ Belcika (1911) sc Fr. Belgique] see StachM GEN 101 {Belcika), 105 (Nedirlanda), 108 {Lepsika) and StachM WEA 167 (Lepsika and other examples). The phenomenon is well known from other languages as well, cf. E. Haugen's opinion on American Portuguese: "The /-a/ is actually ambiguous, 179 since it not only reproduces E [= English] -er, but is added as a regular suffix to many words which in E end in consonants." (Haugen 219). However, the Ott. phenomenon cannot simply be equated to the Roman paragoge, because additional vowels in paragogic forms are the same as the vowels in the last syllable of the word (cf. ERS 59: Sardinian [parayulaza] < Lat. parabolas) and this is not necessarily the case in Ott. words. The additional -a and -e are first attested in Ott. sources from the 16th century: (7.2) MTu. ev 'house': "*/<?«<? mit dem [It.] Vorsatz /- wie bei lelim 'mein Arm' und der it. Endung -e wie in eseche 'Esef, mermere 'Marmor'" (ITS 236). (7.3) MTu. burun 'nose': "die Schriftform burno offensichtlich an it. naso angelehnt" (ib. 237). (7.4) MTu. odim 'firewood': "[Ott.] oduna; ital. -a nach legna" (ib. 241). (7.5) MTu. ok 'arrow': "[Ott.] ocho; ital. -o!" (ib. 241). 8. VOCABULARY For geographical names see (7.1). amber see ambra. ambra (1730) 'ambra' (Clod. 28) It. ambra ^ Lat. ambar, ambaris ^ Ar. anbar ^ Ott. amber (1641; Mol.). bilard (1868: 6hjijihp^t>) 'Billard' (ICh 26) ~ bilart (1835) 'bigliardo, biliardo' (KB = Barb. IT 87a) ^ Fr. billard = It. bigliardo, biliardo ^ Ott. bildrdo (1890: bilardo) ~ bilyardo (1890: biliardo) 'billard' (Y 54). bilardo, bilart, bilyardo see bilard. borancine (1881: borandjine) 'virole de metal a l'extremite de la poulie; cercles, frettes' (BdM I 321) ^ *boroncina ^ Ven. bronzina 'campanella di bronzo del collare' (DEI 611). boros (1881: boroch) 'broche, bijou de dame' (BdM I 297) j$ Fr. broche. cmdere (1881: djendere) '1. machine pour lustrer et feutrer les etoffes, pressoir, cylindre; 2. passage resserree, detroit; 3. (au fig.) oppression, tyrannie' (BdM I 539) ^ It. cilindro. cirevet (1912: djirevet) 'girouette' (DET 346) ^ It. (19th c.) giruetta 'ban- deruola' (DEI 1817) = Sic. giruetta 'oggetto che gira' (Barb. IT 158: "(...) il Kerestedjian fa derivare da un ipotetico italiano giravetta (...), che io non trovo nei dizionari"). curum (1912: djouroum) 'multitude, banc [de poissons]' (DET 164) ^ It. ciurma 'moltitudine di persone'. — Cf. Barb. IT 118b: "L'italiano deriva delParabo (...) e rientro in oriente solo nel turco in tempi moderni". diragon (1886: jrsiparoH) 'aparyHt' (St. 50) ^ Fr. dragon. dubla (1828: doubla) 'doublon, pistole d'Espagne' (Rh. I 264) ^ Sp. dobla. eryal (1863: erial) 'taler, une piece d'argent de 5 ou 6 francs' (Mall. I 40) < Sp. real 'una moneda acunada por el rey' (Corom. 507 s.v. rey). 180 eskonto (1881: esqonto) 'escompte, change; droit du banquier pour se traites; vol, tromperie, pillage' (BdM I 55) ^ It. sconto. eskorbut see skorpit. estofa (1894) 'stoffa [broccata]' (Bon. IT 185) «c It. stoffa. estufato (1894) 'stufato' (Bon. IT 185) ^ It. stufato. esporta (1894: esporta) 'sporta' (Bon. IT 185) ^ It. sporta. filuri (1489) 'florin (DUP 135b) ~ fuluri (1876) 'friiher: Goldgulden, Ducaten; jetzt: Silbergulden' (Z II 670c) s$ Ott. floii (1533) 'duchato' (Arg. 72). — Contaminated ^ Middle Lat. flores and It. fiori 'flowers', because of lilies imprinted on the golden coins and being heraldic figures of Florence. Because of its phonetic features, the word cannot be traced back directly to It. florino (as e.g. in DUP 135b) or fiorino (as e.g. in Bon. IT 185). fireng, firenk see freng. flori see filuri. forsmajor (1867) 'force majeur' (Mall. II 931) ^ Fr. force majeure. freng (1525—30), in: freng yuzi (frengiusi) 'mal franzoso' (ITS 238) ~ fireng, firenk (1489) 'franc, chretien' (DUP 135). — «S Fr. franc = It. franco. fulispid (1886: foulispid) 'a toute vitesse!, usite dans les commandements a bord' (BdM II 434) sc Eng. full speed! fuluri see filuri. gliserin (1911: glisserin) 'glycerine' (Kel. 876) ^ Fr. glycerine. goros see gros. gros MTu. kurus] (1641: ghrosc) 'grosso moneta' (Mol. 172) ~ goros (1680: ghoros) 'thalerus, imperialis' (Men. 3398). — < Ger. Grosch 'Groschen; penny, cent' ^ Cz. gros id. ^ Lat. grossus 'thick' (Kluge 272). lskarlat see iskerlet. igris (1680: ig'ris) 'species vestis rusticanae' (Men. 350) ^ Ven. (pand) griso 'lendinella, panno grosso usato dai Romiti e da alcuni Frati' (Boerio 348) = It. panno grigio (Bon. IT 186). iskarpin (1911: isqarpin) 'escarpin' (Kel. 90) ^ It. scarpino. — For this word in the language of Turkish Armenians see Barb. IT 222b. iskerlet, in: iskerlet irengi krmizi [sic!] (1641: i. irenghi krmisi) 'colore di scarlatto' (Mol. 96) ~ lskarlat (1881: esqarlat) '1. drap ecarlate de Venise; 2. rouge ecarlate, pourpre' (BdM I 54). — ^ It. scarlat(t)o. — The Sp. origin (Sp. escarlat id.) seems to be less possible for cultural-historical reasons. iskola (1912) 'ecole [?]' (DET 37) s$ Ven. scola. iskorbit see skorpit. iskut (1677: iscut) 'scudo [sorte di moneta]' (Ma. 194a) ^ It. scuto = Modern It. scudo. ispitalya (1863: ispital'i'a) 'hopital' (Mall. I 45) ^ It. (16th—19th c.) ospitale (DEI 2692 s.v. ospedale). istima (1875: icrriua) 'stima' (K 61) ^ It. stima (Zing. 1537) ~ estima (ib. 474). istimare (1881: istimare) 'estimer, faire 1'estimation de marchandises embar- quees' (BdM I 53) ^ It. stimare (Zing. 1537) ~ estimare (ib. 474). 181 istimator (1875: iaxiuaxop) 'stimatore' ^ It. stimatore (Zing. 1537) ~ es- timatore (ib. 474). istor (1912) 'store (sorte de rideau)' (DET 342) ^ Fr. store. kontorata see kontorato. kontorato (1867: qonthorato) 'contrat' (Mall. II 1050) ~ kontorata (1876) 'Kontrakt' (Z II 523a—b) ^ Ven. contrato id. = It. contralto. kontrol (1911: qontrol) 'controle' (Kel. 991) < Fr. controle. kredito (1875: Kps8ixo) 'credito' (K 65) ^ It. credito. kristyan (1533) 'cristiano' (Arg. 72) ^ It. cristiano. kurus see gros. lista (1912) Miste' (DET 354) «c It. lista. ladinga (1886: ladengua) 'petite cartouchiere; giberne a fusees' (BdM II 695) < Ger. Ladung. londra (1680) 'pannus vilior Hungaricus, seu ejus species; Scheptuch' (Men. 4210) s; It. {tela di) Londra. — Cf. StachM WEA 167. losman (1886: jiocMaH) 'jioujviaHi.' (St. 60, 147) ^ Eng. loadsman. marin (1911: maryn) 'malleable, marne' (Kel. 1091) ^ Fr. marne. mars (1868: Mapuib, Maprmb) 'marche [d'escalier]' (ICh 181) ^ Fr. marche. misket (1680: misk'et) 'vinum Apianum, Falernum; Muscateller-Wein' (Men. 4652) ^ Ven. moscato 'vino fatto di moscadella'. mostura see mustra. mustra (1641) 'mostra' (Mol. 264) ~ mostura (1912: mostoura) 'echantillon' (DET 354) «S It. mostra. omrela (1894) 'ombrella' (Bon. IT 190) «S It. ombrella. onza (1641) 'oncia' (Mol. 281) ^ Ven. onza. oruba see uruba. paravana (1912) 'paravent' (DET 344) ^ Fr. paravent. pardesii (1916: pardessu) 'Uberzieher' (Pap. 75) ^ Fr. pardessus.' pens (1875: nevq) 'pence' (K 63) ^ Eng. pence, pi. < penny. perens see prens. pilaka see plaka. plaka (1911: plaqa) 'plaque' (Kel. 323) ~ pilaka (1912: pilaca) 'plaque' (DET 345) ^ It. placca. polka see polusa. polusa (1790: polousa) 'rescription' (Vig. 428) ^ Fr. police = It. poliz(z)a $s Ott. polica (1680: policia) 'literae cambij; Wechsel-Brief (Men. 940). pone see pong. pone (1912: pontch) 'punch [boisson]' (DET 345) ~ pone (1890: pong) 'punch' (Y 473)~punc (1863: pountch) 'punch' (Mall. I 268) ~ punc (1838: poundj) 'ponche' (Hind. 135) ^ Eng. punch. porselan, porsilan see porslan. porslan (1881) 'godet ou poulie en porcelaine qui, dans l'appareil tele- graphique, sert a isoler les fils' (BdM I 414) ~ porsilan (1911: porcelan) 182 'porcelain des telegraphes, isolateur' (Kel. 326) ~ porselan (1912: porselan) 'porcelain' (DET 345) ^ Fr. porcelaine. post (1829: poste) 'poste, emploi' (Rh. II 113) ^ Fr. poste. prens (1875: rcpevc.) prince (K 38, 60) ~ perens (1912) id. (DET 120) ^ Fr. prince = It. prince ^ Ott. prince (1866: prince) 'Prinz' (Z I 192b). prince see prens. punc, punc see pong. rumatizm (1916: riimatism) 'Rheumatismus' (Pap. 59) < Fr. rhumatisme. salamastra, in: s. istupisi (1881: calamastra istoupisi) 'rabans, bouts de cordages qu'on emploie a faire differents amorrages' (BdM I 51) ^ It. salmastra. sardela (1641), in: sardela baligi (s. balighi), tuzh sardela (tuzli s.) 'alice pesce salato' (Mol. 32) ^ Ven. sardela 'sardella, sardina' = It. sardella id. sekistant see seksant. seksant (1911: seksante) 'sextant' (Kel. 686) ~ sekistant (1880: sekisstant) id. (Rd. 288). — A graphic loan ^ Fr. sextant [seksta]. skorcina (1730: scortchina) [bot.] 'scorsonere' (Hold. 91). — Contamination of It. scorzone 'colubro verde e giallo, saettone' (DEI 3421) and It. scorzonera [bot.] 'genere di composite liguliflore' (DEI 3421). skorpit, in: skorpit illeti (1790: sqorpit 'illeti) 'scorbut' (Vig. 434) ~ eskorbut (1894) 'scorbuto' (Bon. IT 185) It. scorbuto (Bon. 185). — The change of It. -but(o) into Ott. -pit ~ -bit (1829: iskorbit id., Rh. II 210) may have been caused by the association with Ott. bit 'louse', stor (1916: sstor) 'Store' (Pap. 70) < Fr. store. stropa (1791) 'canne' (Pr. 228) ~ usturpa (1791: usturpa) '1. canne; 2. baton pastoral' (Pr. 228, 461) ~ usturpa (1866) 'grosser Stock, Kniittel, wie die Hirten fiihren' (Z II 122a) ^ It. stroppa. terampa (1863: terampa) 'change, troc' (Mall. I 298) ^ trampa (1863) id. (ib.) ^ It. tramuta 'tramutamento'. teren see tren. tiren see tren. tirtir (1911: tyrtyr) 'tartre' (Kel. 803) ^ *tartir ^ Fr. tartre. trampa see terampa. tren (1890: tren) 'train de chemin de fer' (Y 587) ~ tiren (1881: teren) 'train de chemin de fer' (BdM I 462)- teren (1912) id. (DET 345) ^ Fr. train. tripoli (1790) 'tripoli, craie blanche' (Vig. 450) ^ It. tripoli. uruba (1680: uruba) 'res, vasa; robba, bagaglio' (Men. 2375) ~ oruba (1791: orouba) 'meuble' (Pr. 417) ^ It. roba (see Zing. 1337; Bon. IT 190). uskuna see iiskiina. uskur (1890: ouskour) 'screw, bateau a helice' (Y 455) ^ Eng. screw. usturpa see stropa. uskuna (1863: usquna) 'goelette' (Mall. I 58) ~ uskuna (1866: uskuna) 'Schoo- ner, Zweimaster' (Z I 49a) ^ Eng. schooner. usturpa see stropa. 183 9. LITERATURE Arg. = Argenti, F.: Regola del parlare turcho et vocabvlario de nomi et verbi, Firenze 1533; ed. by Bombaci, A.: La ,,Regola del parlare turcho" di Filippo Argenti. Materiale per la conoscenza del turco parlato nella prima meta del XVI secolo, Napoli 1938 — XVI. Barb. IT = Barbera, D. G.: Elementi italo-siculo-veneziano-genovesi nelle linguaggi arabo e turco, Beyrut 1940. BdM = Barbier de Meynard, A. C: Dictionnaire turc-francais, Paris, vol. I: 1881, vol. II: 1886. Boerio = Boerio, G.: Dizionario del dialetto veneziano, Venezia 1856. Bon. IT = Bonelli, L.: Elementi italiani nel turco ed elementi turchi neU'italiano, L'Oriente I (1894): 178—196. Clod. = Clodius, J. Chr.: Compendiosum Lexicon Latino-Turcico-Germanicum, Lipsae 1730. Corom. = Corominas, J.: Breve diccionario etimoldgico de la lengua castellana, Madrid 19672. DEI = Battisti, C./Alessio, G.: Dizionario etimologico italiano, I—V, Firenze 1968. DET = Kerestedjian, B.: Quelques Materiaux pour un Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Turque, Londres 1912. DUP = Melikoff-Sayar, I.: Le Destdn d'Umur Pacha {Dustumdme-i Enveri). Texte, traduction et notes, Paris 1954. ERS = Pockl, W./Rainer, F.: Einfuhrung in die romanische Sprachwissenschaft, Tubingen 1990. Haugen = Haugen, E.: The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing, Language 26 (1950): 210—231. Hind. = Hindoglu, A.: Dictionnaire abrege turc-francais, Vienne 1838. Hold. = Holdermann, J. B.: Grammaire turque ou methode courte et facile pour apprendre la langue turque, Constantinople 1730. ICh = Iliev, S. P. / Chranov, D. V.: Sloxar francusko-bdlgarsko-tursky za naj-upot- rebitelny-te dumy, Ruscjuk 1868. ITS = Anonymus: Opera a chi se delettasse de saper domandar ciascheduna cosa in turchesco, Venice (?) 1525—30; ed. by Adamovic, M.: Ein italienisch-tiirkisches Sprachbuch aus den Jahren 1525—1530, WZKM 67 (1975): 217—247. K = Konstantinidis, A.: Elleno-othdmanikon 'egkolpion, en Konstantinoupolei 1875. KB = Kieffer, J. D./Bianchi, T. X.: Dictionnaire Turc-Francais (...), Paris 1835. Kel. = Kelekian, D.: Dictionnaire turc-francais, Constantinople 1911. Kluge = Kluge, F.: Etymologisches Wbrterbuch der deutschen Sprache, Berlin 196720. Ma. = Mascis, A.: Vocabolario toscano e turchesco, Firenze 1677. Mall. = Mallouf, N.: Dictionnaire turc-francais avec la prononciation figuree, Paris, vol. I: 1863, vol. II. 1867. Men. = Meninski a Mesgnien, Fr.: Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium Turcicae, Ara- bicae, Persicae, Viennae 1680. Mol. = Molino, G.: Dittionario della lingua Italiana, Turchesca, Roma 1641. Pap. = Papasian, Th.: Deutsch-tiirkisches Taschenworterbuch, kurzgefafit fur den taglichen Gebrauch, Wien—Leipzig 1916. Pr. = Preindl: Grammaire turque (...) avec un vocabulaire, Berlin 1791. Rd. = Redhouse, J. W.: Turkish Dictionary in Two Parts: English and Turkish, and Turkish and English. Second Edition. Revised and Enlarged by Charles Wells, Ph. D. (Leipsick), London 1880. Rh. = Rhasis, G.: Vocabulaire francois-turc, St. Petersbourg, vol. I: 1828, vol. II: 1829. 184 St. = Starcevskij, A. V.: Perevodcik s russkago jazyka na tureckij, S.-Peterburg 1886. StachM GEN = Stachowski, M.: Beitrage zur Geschichte der geographischen und ethnischen Namen europdischen Urspnmgs im Osmanisch-Turkischen, UAJb 58 (1986): 99—126. StachM WEA = Stachowski, M.: Westeuropaische Eigennamen als Appellativa im Os- manisch-Tiirkischen, p. 165—172 in: Laut, J. P. & Rohrborn, K. (eds.): Sprach- und Kulturkontakte der tiirkischen Volker. Materialien der zweiten Deutschen Turkologen-Konferenz. Rauischholzhausen. 13.—16. Juli 1990 (= Veroffentli- chungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica 37), Wiesbaden 1993, XII + 233 p. Vig. = Viguier, M.: Elemens de la langue turque, Constantinople 1790. Y = Youssouf, R.: Dictionnaire portatif turc-francais, Constantinople 1890. Z = Zenker, J. Th.: Tiirkisch-Arabisch-Persisches Handwdrterbuch, Leipzig, vol. I: 1866, vol. II: 1876. Zing. = Zingarelli, N.: Vocabolario della lingua italiana, Milano 1935. 10. ABBREVIATIONS Ar. = Arabic It. = Italian Sp. = Spanish Cz. = Czech Lat. = Latin Ven. = Venetian Eng. = English MTu. = Modern Turkish WE = West European Fr. = French Ott. = Ottoman(-Turkish) Ger. = German Sic. = Sicilian